Other tumor biomarkers

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is used to diagnose, monitor treatment, and detect recurrence of testicular cancer and trophoblastic diseases. Additionally, it is a component of some prenatal screening tests for Down syndrome. HCG is a hormone produced during pregnancy. However, elevated levels in non-pregnant individuals can indicate certain cancers, particularly germ cell tumors and certain trophoblastic diseases.

Hytest offers several monoclonal antibodies under the Cat. # 2H8 for the development of immunoassays to detect HCG. Among them, 27E8 and 28A4 are included in our tumor campaign.

Lambda (free) and Kappa Light Chains

The abnormal levels of light chains are due to the abnormal growth of plasma cells in the bone marrow, which leads to a deficient immune system. In people with multiple myeloma and amyloidosis, the levels of kappa light chains in the blood are often abnormal. The light chains test also measures the lambda free light chain and expresses the serum free light chain (sFLC) ratio.

The abnormal growth of plasma cell population secretes excessive heavy chains and light chains, including the complete immunoglobulin and the free light chains. Depending on their molecular structure, light chains are classified as kappa or lambda.

Hytest offers monoclonal antibodies 4G7cc (Cat. # 1K5cc) and 3D12cc (Cat. # 1L7cc) for the development of light chains immunoassay. 4G7cc is specific for independent constantly expressed epitope of kappa chain. It also reacts with free and heavy chain-associated kappa chains. 3D12cc is specific for independent constantly expressed epitope of lambda chain. It reacts with monomer and dimer forms of free lambda chains but not with lambda chain-bearing immunoglobulins. Both MAbs are included in our tumor campaign.

S100

The S100 family consists of cytoplasmic calcium-binding proteins expressed in numerous cell lines, they are targets in immunohistochemistry. Staining for S100 helps characterize tumors, including malignant melanoma, glial, neurogenic (e.g., schwannomas, neurofibromas), mesenchymal (e.g., chondromas, chondrosarcomas, liposarcomas, some osteogenic sarcomas), and some histiocytic tumors.

S100 protein family, named for its solubility in saturated ammonium sulphate, is derived from brain tissue. S100 proteins interact with a high number of different targets and are thereby involved in various cellular processes, including Ca2+ homeostasis, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, and cell migration. Some S100 proteins have prognostic value in cancers like pancreatic adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, indicating tumor progression, metastasis, and patient survival.

Hytest offers both in vitro and in vivo monoclonal antibodies (Cat. # 4S37) for S100 immunoassay development. MAbs 8B10cc, 6G1cc and 4B3 are specific to S100BB and S100A1B. MAb3B10 is specific to S100BB. All MAbs mentioned are included in our campaign.

Thyroglobulin

Thryoglobulin is measured to monitor patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) post-thyroidectomy and following radioactive iodine treatment. Moreover, a negative result can help in ruling out Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Hytest offers a wide range of thyroglobulin antibodies under the Cat. # 2TG12cc for developing both thyroglobulin and anti-thyroglobulin assays. 5E6cc and 5F9cc are included in our campaign. For more details, please contact our Sales Team. 

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